The development of lanterns continued through the 1930s and accelerated when it was determined that the lamp’s brightness and its long length made it less susceptible to glare. Lanterns with bare bulbs suspended over an overhead reflector (the so-called "seagull" lanterns) quickly followed. Glass manufacturers were initially slow as the first plate refractors for low pressure sodium lamps didn’t appear until the end of the decade.

The advantages and disadvantages of low pressure sodium were readily debated, especially when an alternative (the medium and high pressure mercury discharge lamp) was also available. The monochromatic light was considered especially useful for arterial and traffic routes, the lamp’s shape cast a wide beam across the road surface, the light was also considered more penetrating in foggy conditions and it was the most efficient light source being manufactured. However, the light was also considered inappropriate for high streets, promenades, civic areas and residential streets and so some lighting engineers restricted its use to traffic routes only. Therefore low pressure sodium became known as "the drivers’ lamp."

The arrival of plate glass refractors resulted in large lanterns made of metal frames enclosing heavy glass sheets. These bulky lanterns continued to be made into the 1950s until being usurped by lanterns with plastic bowls and machined or moulded plastic refractor plates. The lanterns were still large; the size dictated by the bulky control gear, but their design and construction was becoming simpler.

The 1950s and 1960s saw huge improvements in the construction and efficacy of low pressure sodium. Early two-piece designs (dubbed SO) were replaced by the one-piece, more efficient integral design (called the SOI). The development of linear sodium (SLI) broke the one hundred lumens per watt barrier, lead to a radical rewriting of the British Standards of street lighting and prompted the development of new families of streamlined lanterns. But it wasn’t until the arrival of a new heat-reflecting technology (called SOX) that a cheap family of extremely efficient bulbs became available.

The energy crisis of the 1970s saw a rethink in street lighting and lamp efficiency became dominant when fuel was both in short supply and expensive. This saw the large scale removal of colour corrected high pressure mercury, fluorescent and ancient tungsten lamps by low pressure sodium replacements. The old arguments that the smoky-orange lamps were inappropriate for residential areas no longer applied. By the end of the 1980s, low pressure sodium was the dominant street lighting lamp used in the UK.

The use of low pressure sodium came under scrutiny again. High pressure sodium, finally developed as a viable technology in the 1960s, was coming of age and offered a compromise of slightly less efficacy with better colour rendering. Questions were being asked about the physiology of the eye and visual adaptation under low lighting levels; previously the wavelength of low pressure sodium had been deemed the most suitable, but research now suggested that the eye responded better to white light. Concerns were raised about light pollution and the low pressure sodium lamp was seen to be the chief culprit (although it was more to do with older non-cutoff and semi-cutoff optical designs rather than the lamp itself).

By the turn of the century, the age of low pressure sodium was seen as coming to an end. Research in white light technologies, especially metal halide and a renewed interest in compact fluorescent coupled with the advantages of using white light at low lighting levels, saw the end of the low pressure sodium lamp’s dominance. Its use was discouraged in the specifications, lantern manufacturers started to wind down their production and bulb manufacturers followed suit.

By the end of the first decade of the 2000s, low pressure sodium was in stark decline, and less and less of the UK’s streets were being lit by its characteristic orange glow.

Name: Atlas Alpha 9 Mk X (QS.0100)
Date: 1960s - 1990s
Dimensions: Length: 25½", Width: 11 7/8", Height: 9"
Light Distibution: Non Cut-Off Medium Beam (BSCP 1004:1963, BS 1788:1964)
Lamp: 140W (later 90W) SOX

The Amber lantern range was first developed by British Thompson Houston (BTH) in the late 1940s for the low-pressure sodium (LPS) discharge lamp. BTH's naming was industrial and pragmatic, and Amber perfectly described the orange light emitted by these lanterns. Another of their straight-forwardly-named lanterns, the Residential, was essentially an Amber lantern fitted with fluorescent tubes for residential and side-road lighting. These fluorescent lanterns were often tilted slightly to increase the throw of light across the road. The fully history of the final Amber lantern has yet to be discovered, but it was a curious design, with the lamp held in a slanted position under the canopy, with the bowl following the same sloped angle. It is thought that this design started off life in 1961 as a new version of the Residential with in-built angled lamps, obviating the need for an angled bracket. The designers at Associated Electrical Industries (AEI) Lamps And Lighting – a holding company that subsumed BTH and others in the late 1950s – simply reused the design for their new low-pressure sodium lantern. Hence the last Amber had an extremely angular and tilted appearance – unlike lanterns from other firms. Thorn Lighting purchased a number of shares of AEI Lamps And Lighting in the early 1960s, allowing them to make AEI's products under their own Atlas trademark. So, in the early part of the decade, the AEI Amber was also sold as the Atlas Alpha 9. When Thorn became a majority shareholder in the mid 1960s, they formed British Lighting Industries (BLI) to promote and sell all their products, and the lantern was branded the BLI Alpha 9. By the end of the 1960s, Thorn bought AEI Lamps And Lighting outright and the lantern was kept in production. It was still sold as the BLI Alpha 9 for a short time, before Thorn reverted back to its Atlas trademark in the 1970s and so the lantern was distributed with Atlas Alpha 9 stickers. By the next decade, the company dropped the Atlas brand, and the lantern's final name became the Thorn Alpha 9 in the 1980s and beyond. The result being that this quirky lantern had several different names and brandings: AEI Amber, Atlas Alpha 9, BLI Alpha 9, or finally, the Thorn Alpha 9. A version with gear was also made. This included a different canopy with was fitted with the necessary mounting points for a small gear tray on which all the components were mounted. The bulky gear necessitated an elongated bowl to be fitted. It had the angular lines as the more streamlined counterpart but with a much deeper bowl. Despite its quirky design, it outlived Thorn's own homegrown medium-wattage LPS lantern, the Thorn Alpha 1, and went on to become the firm's LPS lantern for main road use. It continued on catalogue into the 2000s until demand for such lanterns – especially old bulky 1960s designs – started to wain and the lantern was discontinued.

The interior of the canopy of the lantern was either painted a very light blue (Atlas) or white (Thorn) to act as the secondary lighting system. No lugs or bosses were provided for the fitting of an over-reflector.

facing profile The Atlas Alpha 9 was a popular lantern of conventional design (canopy, plastic bowl with refractors, easy access via a clip) but of unconventional appearance (angled canopy, sharp angled bowl, lamp positioned with lamp holder at the roadside). I obtained this lantern in the late 1990s where it had been removed from the Wolverhampton area.

front profile Despite its sharp profile, the lantern actually had gently sloping sides and a reflectively large base area. The angled reflectors created the main beams for illuminating the road, whilst the gently curved base spread the flux below the lantern, ensuring the road had a uniform luminated appearance.

trailing profile After many years of service, the lantern was still in good condition, and only required repainting internally. The bowl was made from acrylic as it was not starting to discolour.

canopy The canopy was a heavy casting aluminium alloy. Like all later AEI/Thorn lanterns, it did not have the manufacturer's name cast into the canopy.

logo The bowl was angled by a hinge at the roadside of the lantern, being secured by a clip at the pavement end. This ensured the bowl swung out over the road – a design choice emphasised by BS 1788:1964. (If the bowl was hinged at the pavement side of the lantern then there was a change that it would become unclipped and smash into the column).

pedestrian view The bowl could be easily removed by pulling it upwards from the hinge. This helped cleaning and/or replacement. In this shot, the tensioned clip which held the bowl securely at the pavement side of the lantern, can be clearly seen.

vertical The base of the bowl wasn't obscured in any way – the gentle curve the bowl's base spread the flux sufficiently. The odd positioning of the lamp-holder at the roadside of the lantern can clearly be seen here. Also the silver identification sticker – another requirement of by BS 1788:1964 – can also be seen.

interior #1 The canopy of the lantern was extremely simple and simply had provision for (from left-to-right): fixing grub screws (both along the top of the spigot), lamp steady, cable clamp (missing), cable terminal block, earthing point, alternative lamp steady fixing points (provision for smaller wattage lamps) and the lamp-holder assembly. Instead of being painted white, the interior of the canopy was painted light-blue.

label BS 1788:1964 required every lantern to have some form of identification. Many manufacturers used internal stickers. The label included the following information: Lantern's name: Atlas Alpha Nine Lantern's catalogue number: QS.0100 (the other option was the deeper bowl) Lantern's mark: Mk. X (this was used by Atlas and Thorn to state the lantern's revision number). Optical system: S.C.O. /S (Semi-Cut-Off Sodium) Lamp: 100W S.O.X. (thus dating this lantern as it was produced before the lamps were rerated to 90W). British Standard: BS 1788.1964 (and 'kite mark').

A classic 90W lantern, this Atlas Alpha 9 started of as the AEI Amber. It's slanting bowl is unique for a 90W SOX, suggesting fluorescent roots (a fluorescent version was available called the AEI Residential).

Obtained from Claire Pendrous, this lantern originally came from Finchfield Hill in Wolverhampton, and the restoration is detailed here.