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ilp archive : journals
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public lighting no. 14 vol. 4
July 1939
- Editorial p35
- The National Fitness Council have published a report on fitness in the UK. Floodlighting of open spaces during
winter months is therefore required. The tests and investigations made by the Council appear to prove that the floodlighting of
playgrounds, football fields and swimming pools is economic and practicable. Floodlit games are common abroad. Local authorities
should consider grants from the National Fitness Council towards the capital cost of installation.
- Progamme for the Congress at Glasgow has now been made public. "Still better lighting" appears to be the watchword of the Conference.
- APLE: Conference, Lighting: Floodlighting
- Uni-Directional Lighting p36
- A new system of street lighting for double-carriageway roads has been installed on the Great Chertsey Road, Twickenham.
It is the outcome of experiments by the GEC at Wembley. It reduces running costs by 60% without entailing any sacrifice in
efficiency. Ordinary installations using 400W lamps can be carried out under the new method with 125W lamps; similarly 250W lamps
can be replaced by 80W. This leads to a saving of £350 per mile. Research has shwon that light is required only in one direction - opposing
the traffic flow - on each carriageway of a dual road. It gives improved revealing power by accentuating contrasts of obstacles
on the roadway, and driving comfort is increased as the only light sources to be seen are on the driver's own carriageway.
The Uniway lantern is the first lantern on the market for dual-carriageway roads. It is designed for Osira
80-125W mercury vapour lamps. The whole of the light is refelcted in one direction - towards oncoming traffic - and an extremely
event "flash" is obtained as a result of special diffusing glass. The outside surface of the glass is smooth to facilitate
cleaning. The "flash" covers an area of more than 100 sq. ins. whereas most ordinary 400W lanterns have a flashed area of only
60-80 sq. ins. Thus, surface brightness of the lantern per square inch is considerably reduced owing to its greater light emitting
area. The lantern is in two parts - a detachable top which the brack arm slides horizontally, giving side-entry mounting, and
the main lantern body. Both parts are made of light alloy castings and the complete unit weights on 15 lbs. The Uniway
lantern is totally enclosed, non-ventilated and completely weatherproof. The front is hinged at one side and secured by simple postive
action snap catches. Access to the lamp and reflector is afforded by the hinged front. The body can be rotated on the bracket arm
so the light can be accurately directed towards the road. For thsi purpose an orthoptic sighting device is provided to enable
the lantern to be correctly aligned. The lamp is automatically centred and is firmed held in the correct focal position. The
lantern is simply erected, as the top, which weighs only 2lbs., can be slid on the bracket arm and there locked into position.
The leads can be wired to the lampholder in a few moments and the body is connected by self-locking nuts.
- Lighting: Distribution, Lighting: Installations, Lighting: Luminaires, Lighting: Theory
- The Conference, 1939. p73
- Details of the forthcoming conference in Glasgow
- APLE: Conference
- Glasgow Lighting Department p74
- The department is one of the oldest services of the Glasgow Corporation. In 1800, the first Glasgow Police Act
made the lighting of the streets a statutory duty. The streets were lit with oil and wick. In 1817 the first gas lamp was
lit. In 1862 an Act Of Parliament was obtained to deal more effectively with the lighting of the city, and the lighting of courts
and common stairs came directly under the Corporation. There are 36,650 lamps under public control in streets, lanes and courts:
16,072 gas and 20,578 electric. Owing to the number of tenements, there is an abundance of stair lamps. These "common stairs"
are lit with 69,017 gas and 24,379 electric lamps. Thus the total number of lamps under public control is 130,046. The
department continously experiments with new illuminants, fittings, materials and methods of control. There are 186 street-lighters
and 599 attendants for stair lamps. The department's own workmen make, erect, fit and repair both gas and electric plant.
There is a staff engaged on design and a well-equipped testing department carries out routine and experimental
photometric and other tests. The erection of brackets on tramway standards and special steel lighting standards absorb the use
of two motor cranes, nine motor tower-wagons and several hand-towers. In addition to public lighting, the department deals with
street name tablets and number tablets, traffic direction and warning signs, some being illuminated by the department.
It also undertakes at a charge, the provision and lighting of private roads. And has also erected and maintained 48 lamps on
highways outside the city for local authorities. The lighting of clocks has also been under the charge of the department. It
even cleans the windows of the Corporation buildings.
- Lighting: Equipment, Lighting: Management
- Demonstration Lighting p75
- Details of the forthcoming exterior exhibitions in Glasgow
- APLE: Conference
- The Conference Sessions p75
- Details of the forthcoming conference programme in Glasgow
- APLE: Conference
- Social Functions p75
- Details of the Civic Reception and the Luncheon (with trips to inspect installations and substations).
- APLE: Conference
- For The Ladies p75
- Details of the trip by motor coach to the Loch Lomond Park. (Gentlemen could go too!)
- APLE: Conference
- The Kyles Of Bute p76
- Details of the trip on Thursday afternoon to the Kyles Of Bute. "Let Glasgow flourish!"
- APLE: Conference
- London County Council: Floodlighting Of Playgrounds In Parks And Open Spaces p76
- Following successful experimental floodlighting of playground at Eelbrook Common in 1937-8
(see Public Lighting #12) the LCC have made similar installations at a further twelve sites.
All the sites are equipped with Benjamin Duoflux reflectors mounted 24' on REVO
Humberstone steel columns. The installations are:
- Archbishop's Park, Lambeth: 9 columns; 250W mercury discharge lamps.
- Highbury Fields, Islington: 24 columns; 12 1000W GLS and 12 500W GLS.
- Kennington Park, Lambeth: 12 columns; 12 1000W GLS
- King Edward Memorial Park, Stepney: 17 columns; 17 500W GLS
- Meath Gardens, Bethnal Green: 17 columns; 17 1000W GLS
- Tabard Gardens, Bermondsey: 15 columns; 15 500W GLS
- Tooting Bec Common, Wandsworth: 6 columns; 6 500W GLS
- Wapping Recreation Ground, Stepney: 7 columns; 7 500W GLS
- Although the surfaces lighted have very low reflecting power, adequate illumination has been obtained with an
installed load at an average rate of 1.25W per square yard. The use of mercury discharge lamps was an experiment:
the running costs are lower, but the installation costs were considerably higher. It was thought possible that objections
would be raised by the public concerning colour distortion.
- Lighting: Floodlighting, Lighting: Installations
- Sodium Lighting In Luton p76
- Description of the installation in Luton.
- Lighting: Installations
- Planting The Column p77
- A series of photographs
taken by Mr. C. D. Griffiths, Public Lighting Assistant to the Hamstead Borough Council,
Electricity Department, of the recent installation of improved street lighting. Steel columns, made by Bromford Tube Co. Ltd.,
are shown being installed. In order to overcome a number of obstructions found underground, it was necessary to supply a quantity of
specially manipulated roots.
- Lighting: Columns, Lighting: Installations
- Gas Street Lighting Improvements p78
- Description of new gas installations in St. Helens and
Feltham.
- Lighting: Installations
- Leighton Buzzard's Ten Years Contract p79
- Description of new installation in Leighton Buzzard.
- Lighting: Installations
- Better Lighting In Coventry p79
- Brief description and picture of a new installation in Coventry.
- Lighting: Installations
- Recent Electric Installations p80
- Brief description and pictures of installations in Hebburn, Luton and Jarrow.
- Lighting: Installations
- Gas-Lighted Traffic Signs p81
- A number of gas-lighted traffic signsed have been installed in Teignmouth. The lamps are fitted with one No. 2 mantle, and
are kept alight during the hours of darkness.
- Lighting: Signs
- L.C.C. p81
- The London County Council are very large consumers of Electric Lamps and have a completely equipped Laboratory for Photometry
and Electrical Testing. A contract has been placed with Siemens Electric Lamps And Supplies Limited for the supply of lamps
for a further 12 months.
- Lighting: Lamps
- Ideas For Swimming Bath Lighting p81
- Under-water illumination is becoming increasingly popular. Light source for under-water illumination should be installed only slightly
below the surface of the water while the beams should be directed at varying angles below the horizontal, according to the width of the
pool. The simplest arrangemetn is to place the light sources in a recessed channel built around the bath or in recesses into
the walls. In both cases, heavy plate glass must be used for the front of the lamp housings. In cases where a permanent under-water
installation cannot be effected, a different arrangement is illustrated. A flat mirror at 45° is used to
direct the light beam through the water from a light source inverted over the surface of the water.
- Lighting: Floodlighting
- Gas Schemes Qualify For M.O.T. Grant p82
- Brief description of installations in Stockton-On-Tees and Abergavenny.
- Lighting: Installations
- Good Visibility - By Day And By Night p82
- Brief description and pictures of an installation in Hoylake.
- Lighting: Installations
- Edinburgh's Improved Lighting p87
- Description and pictures of improvements in Edinburgh.
- Lighting: Installations
- E.L.M.A. Light Service Bureau p87
- At the Electric Street Lighting Conference last month, Mr. Morley New touched on the importance of
arriving at uniformity in the standards of lighting on similar classes of roads to facilitate traffic flow
and prevent accidents. Mr. L. J. Davies described recent developments in lamp and lantern design.
Mr. C. R. Bicknell and Mr. J. G. Christopher, pointed out that modern electric lanterns, being able to take
several sizes of lamp with little or no alteration, were able to accommodate themselves to changes in lighting
requirements brought about by new traffic conditions. The relation between road surfaces and illumination was
dealt with by Mr. G. H. Wilson
- Lighting: Lamps, Lighting: Luminaires , Lighting: Theory
- Gas Lighting For After-Dark Sports
- Description of gas-lighted installations used for sports:
- Hampton Public Baths: A new installation at this outdoor swimming pool where Twickenham Borough Council
have installed gas floodlighting. Nine 8-light No. 2 mantle lamps, mounted on 17' concrete columns with bracket
arms, are distributed around the pool. Mounting height of the lanterns is 13'6". The running costs
are 7½d. per hour.
- Portsmouth Rugby Football Club: Lit by gas. A battery of three 10-light parabolic flood lamps have been working for several seasons.
- Kendal Rugby Football Club: Lit by gas. Four 10-light strip type projectors are used. Mounted at 6' and at intervals of 15 yards.
- Saracens Rugby Football Club: Lit by gas. Four 12-light gas lamps are fitted on poles some 12' above ground level.
- Highfields Open-Air Bath: Lit by gas. Twenty-four 10-light strip lanterns running at 1s. per hour.
- Torquay: Lit by gas. Indoor bowls green lit by twenty lamps on each of two bowls greens.
- West Hartlepool: Lit by gas. Indoor boxing stadium. The ring is lit by four 5-light gas lamps, each with 7" deep enamelled steel reflector.
- Lewisham Club: Lit by gas. Bowling green. Lit by twenty-four gas lamps, each which as six No. 2 burners. Special reflectors are fitted.
- Lighting: Floodlighting, Lighting: Installations
- Mercury Lamps For Kingston-Upon-Hull p90
- Details of a mercury installation in Kingston-Upon-Hull.
- Lighting: Installations
- A Gas Exhibit At Glasgow p90
- Details of Foster And Pullen's forthcoming exhibit at the APLE Conference in September. Both
the Arcturus and Alpha lanterns, in sizes suitable for Group "A" lighting, will be shown.
The Arcturus circular suspension lamp, is available from 1 light or 15 light cluster, and has been
appreciated for its robust construction and consequent long life. It has been widely adopted for long-term
contracts where maintenance costs are required to be kept to a minimum. The superheater burner has separate
primary and secondary air supplies and there are cleaning plugs to the gasways; the enamelled steel shade can
carry the "Registered Back" reflector (reg. des. 797495 of 27/10/34) in "Staybrite" steel and the "Isolight"
under-mantle reflectors, while the "Globe" under-mantle reflector is available for fitting inside the globe of the
5, 6 and 7-light sizes; Holophane refractors may be used with these lamps. The lanterns have easy access
and dual-feed burners are available for reduction of light by controller at pre-determined times. All makes of
clock controllers are supplied and Newbridge "Comet" ignition fitted to order.
- The Alpha rectangular suspension lamp, available with 6, 8, 10 or 12-light burners, is another unit
of proved success and popularity.
- APLE: Conference, Lighting: Luminaires
- Trade Notes p90
- A collection of brief notes concerning various deals, firm news and
new street lighting installations.
- Lighting: Installations
- Road Lighting And Traffic Density by H. L. Juliusburger p91
- Introduction: A thesis which still has to be proved in practice. Road brightness theory, with objects seen in silhouette,
is likely to become the most economic system in general circumstances. This is now the basis of official
recommendations. It is a necessity for the working of silhouette vision that the traffic density should not
exceed certain values - otherwise the car moving ahead of the observer's car may serious hinder the detection of
any object in the road. For example, an object 3' high at 150' distant, requires 400' of clear road. Therefore
the traffic density should not exceed 400'.
- Traffic Density: A diagram is presented to find the traffic density of roads under certain given conditions and to find the
"average distrance" between two cards moving in the same direction in relation to their speed. Every road will have a "maximum speed limit"
and a given maximum capacity. The distance between two cars can be taken as a fixed one and varies only with the speeds at which the cars
are moving. What is the minimum length of this distance? It is dependent on two factors: braking distance and reaction time. The relationship
between "average car distance", speed and traffic density is given in the diagram. The diagram gives a complete picture of all traffic conditions
for a mile of straight road.
- Influence On Silhouette Effect: The importance of studying traffic conditions on a road, before planning a road lighting installation,
is accepted. The present classificaiton of roads is tacitly based on such conditions and their influence on lighting schemes is obvious. The
proper working of silhouette demands a comparitively long stretch of empty road. For it to work the respective minima of empty road
have to lie ahead:
- At 60 MPH ... 700'
- At 30 MPH ... 315'
- At 15 MPH ... 100'
- Thus in the case of 700', at 60 MPH, the corresponding car density is 440 cars. If there are more cars passing over the mile per hour
at this speed, a road lighting installation working on silhouette effect is no longer safe, whereas if there are less, silhouette effect
in underhindered.
- Influence On Direct Visibility: It would be desirable to see the successful
application of the second illuminating principle, direct visibility, below such values.
Unfortunately, however, only in theory is there a clear cut boundary.
- Each principle can be expressed simply as follows: in the case of silhouette effect
the object is seen against a background and in direct visibility on
a background.
- At certain speeds below certain car distances the proper working of silhouette vision
may be seriously hindered by the presence of a car on the road which forms the background.
This means that any object runs the danger of appearing against a vertical background
with entirely different brightness properties instead of against the road surface.
The direct visibility principle might be defined as making the obejct detectable on the
vertical background of the moving car ahead.
- Resulting Critical Car Distances: At 60 MPH the minimum car distance
for silhouette vision in 700' and the maximum car distance for direct visibility is
145'. The gap inbetween the two can accordingly be dealt with appropiately if lighting
for mixed conditions is provided.
- Conclusion: Traffic density should be taken into account when planning lighting. A Traffic Census or similar should be taken
during the hours of 4:00PM to midnight. Then a decision should be made to which road lighting condition the road applies. Traffic density conditions
vary a great deal during the day, so the installation should comply to the worst conditions. The technical importance of classifying road according
to the principles applicable lie in the fact that for direct visibility light would have to be thrown in the direction of traffic flow. Such an installation
would have a benifical influence on glare. For "mixed conditions" the gap between minimum limit for silhouette and maximum limited for direct is narrowing
down with falling speed limit and if 30MPH is imposed both limits lie very close together and for roads through towns the Traffic Density Diagram
might show that silhouette principle is preferable to the direct visibility principle.
- Lighting: Theory
- Hereford's Improved Gas Lighting p94
- Details of a gas installation in Hereford.
- Lighting: Installations
- L.C.C Jubilee Celebrations p94
- Picture of the floodlighting carried out at County Hall. The fountains were also floodlighted.
- Lighting: Floodlighting, Lighting: Installations
- Sheffield p94
- Six street lighting lanterns with 500W lamps have been used to light a chidren's playground on one of the
Corporation's housing estates. The laterns serve to provide a reasonable amount of light over the whole of the area
as well as excellent intensity on the playing area.
- Lighting: Floodlighting, Lighting: Installations
- Screening Of Lights p94
- There needs to be a simpler method than the use of blinds and black paint on windows to obscure lights during war time.
An idea has recently been tested at a Luton factory which combines coloured windows with orange coloured electric lamps.
It is claimed that no illumination escapes any windows. The scheme was first tested in France in aerodrome buildings.
- It was found that with windows covered with a preparation resembling carnish of a blue colour, 75% of daylight was admitted,
whilst the orange lamps give a satisfactory illumination by night. The orange lamps have to be sepcially made but should not
exceed the cost of ordinary filament lamps.
- There are many advantages: it enables wokr to be done in the daylight without artifical lighting; obviates the risk of
disorganisation which might follow a sudden extinction of lights.
- It is expected that lamps and paint will be soon available in large quantities.
- Lighting: ARP
- Rythmatic Control - The First Installation In Great Britain p95
- The first installation in Great Britain of Rythmatic Control has been placed in service in Falkirk, Scotland.
It is designed to enable numerous public services to be controlled from a central point by means of push buttons.
Up to 24 different switching operations are possible. Of primary importance is the control of street lamps.
At Falkirk, some 400 lamps are controlled and can be switched "on" at dusk; "off" except for pilot lamps at midnight;
and completley "off" at dawn.
- Other services such as tariff "change overs", electric water heating, space heating etc. can be controlled if required.
- Particularly important are ARP services, such as the calling-up of wardens, nurses, firemen and the like.
- The equipment consists essentially of a control panel carrying the push buttons and a red indicator for each
facility. Associated with the operating button is the injector equipment, which sends out audio frequencies as a train of
timed impulses according to the signal code. The system uses four audio frequencies and six different impulse timings.
The equipment is normally located in the power station.
- Mounted in the street lamps or other individual items to be controlled is a special relay which has two principle components:
(1) A tuned circuit which responds to one of the four audio frequencies and (2) Two swinging armatures with natural
periodicities corresponding respectivley to two of the six impulse timings, but which can only be fully deflected by
repeated impulses at the correct periodicity.
- The relay is fitted with 15A contacts and operates at a very low voltage.
- Rythmatic Control operates over existing power networks and it does not matter whether the supply is AC or DC.
- The Falkirk installation was hatened into service so it could be used in connection with the important Eastern Scotland
"black-out" which commenced an hour or two after the Rythmatic Control equipment was put into service.
- Lighting: ARP, Lighting: Control
- Street Lighting Notes p96
- Brief description of the installations at:
Abertillery, Aireborough, Amersham, Ballymena, Battersea, Beccles, Broadway, Buckley, Burgess Hill, Carlisle, Chard, Chipping Campden, Cirencester,
Coventry, Dalkeith, Darlington, Derby, Dungannon, Durham, Ellesmere, Glasmorgan, Greenock, Grimsby, Hemel Hempstead,
Herts, Heskin, Hoylake, Ilkley, Leven, London, Morley, Notts., Paignton, Paisley, Poplar,
Prestatyn, Reigate, Retford, Rothesay, Rothwell, St. Helen's, Saltcoats, Scotland, Sedbergh, Sherringham, Sunderland, Treharris, Usk, West Ham, Wigan,
Willenhall, Wimbledon, Windsor, Worsley and Yorks.
- Lighting: Installations
- Hospital Lighting Equipment p98
- There are many requirements in hospitals and sanatoria that call for specialised lighting treatment.
- Ward Lighting: At the Royal Free hospital, Grays Inn Road, there is an excellent system of ward lighting consisting of white opal pendants and brackets, which
provide well diffused illumination from the main light source for general requirements, while for night supervision a concealed lamp emits a subdued light
in the region immediately beneath the lighting unit. These fittings employ either a 40-60W Osram lamp
for general lightign and a 15W pygmy lamp for subdued lighting. Another type of ward lighting unit
(which has the approval of the London County Council) consists of a pendant fitting carrying a 10" white opal
bowl arranged for one 60W and two 15W Osram lamps. The latter are arranged to provide indirect night
lighting when the main light source is subdued. Pilot lighting systems for use as ARP lighting can have low
intensity blue lamps installed under central control. Another ward fitting is the bed-head type: it is fitted
with morocco pattern glassware and has a switch at the base. It amply suffices for bed illumination and
staff attention to patients. At the Redhill County Hospital, Edgware, another method of ward lighting has been
adopted: it serves as general ward lighting and bed lighting. However it does not provide night or pilot lighting.
- Operating Theatre Lighting: A shadowless operating theatre fitting has many outstanding featuers.
An average light intensity of 600 foot candles is mainted within the limits of the 12" diameter circle when
fitted with a 150W Osram lamp. Such high efficiency is due to an entirely new form of optical system.
The unit will also provide a certain amount of diffused light well beyond the circle of maximum intensity -
this is to reduce eyestrain caued by concentration on a localised area of high relative brightness.
- Emergency Lighting: This is embodied in the unit. This produces the same beam characteristic as
the main system. The lamps and all other component parts are quickly and easily accessible from the bottom of
the unit; the contour of all external parts is made smooth to minimise dust collection; rapid cleaning is
possible from floor level. The lighting unit is balanced so it will remain at any desired angle without clamping;
an enclosed counterweight is supplied which permits vertical displacement without clamping; the diffusion of
the light patch is such that there's no critcal focal point which requires refocusing.
- Lighting: ARP, Other
- Change Of Address p98
- Change of address for GEC Hull branch and Philips Lamps in London.
- Lighting: Manufacturers
- Adverts:
The General Electric Co., Ltd,
William Sugg And Co., Ltd.,
Walter Slingsby and Co., Ltd.,
Siemens Electric Lamps And Supplies Ltd.,
British, Foreign And Colonial Automatic Light Controlling Co., Ltd.,
Gowshall Ltd.,
Standard Telephones And Cables Ltd.,
Sangamo Weston Ltd.,
British Commercial Gas Association,
The British Thomson-Houston Co. Ltd.,
Philips Lamps Ltd.,
Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Co. Ltd,
British Electrical Development Association, Inc,
The Horstmann Gear Co., Ltd.,
Johnston Brothers (Contractors) Ltd.,
REVO Electric Co., Ltd.,
Peebles Co., Ltd.,
Hobbs, Offen And Co. Ltd.,
Northampton Polytechnic,
Holophane Ltd.,
Public Works Exhibition,
Automatic Telephone And Electrical Co., Ltd.,
Gas Meter Company,
Foster And Pullen Ltd.,
Bromford Tube Co. Ltd.,
James Keith And Blackman Co., Ltd. and
Concrete Utilities Co., Ltd..
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