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ilp archive : journals
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public lighting no. 38 vol. 10: conference issue part 1
July-September 1945
- Editorial p73
- Glasgow Conference p73
- The conference was an undoubted success. The papers were helpful to all, notwithstanding the good humoured
critic who stated "we were reviving old bones." Also this could be true, the result was to revive to full strength and
vigour a living body of keenly interested people.
- APLE: Conference
- The President p73
- Mr. E. J. Stewart prepared and presented his third presidential address. In forty minutes, he presented
a wise and statesmanlike survey of the present day difficulties confronting lighting engineers, some details of lessons
learnt from wartime restrictive lighting, and finally carried his hearers over a space of years to considering the
needs of lighting of towns fifty years hence. He revealed some of hte proposals in the Glasgow twon planning scheme,
and in particular, to the ambitious projects in overcoming traffic congestions by the building of elaborate "fly-overs"
on main junctions of arterial roads; these would bring fresh problems to the Public Lighting Engineer, problems of
day-time lighting for the covered roads, as well as careful planning and siting of street lamps at these congested junctions.
- APLE: Conference
- Tree-Lined Streets p74
- Trees are promised for all classes of new roads and open spaces - but town planners should consider and collaborate
with public lighting engineers.
- Lighting: Environment
- Street Lighting - Fuel Economy p74
- Mr. Kelf-Cohen, from the Ministry of Fuel and Power, explained the need for conserving fuel by all means possible
and appealed to lighting authorities to assist by turning off street lights at midnight, or by reducing consumption.
- Lighting: Energy
- Conference Issues Of "Public Lighting" p74
- The journal is late, but it was the desire of the Council to publish as full a report of the Conference as possible.
The next three issues will be published in quick succession.
- APLE: Conference, APLE: Jounral
- Personalia p74
- Lt.-Col. Geoffrey F. Falk, T.D., M.I.E.E. has now been released from the army and will return to Falk, Stadelmann & Co., Ltd.;
Alderman Thraves, ex Lord Mayor of Sheffield and Chairman of the City Lighting Department, has been honoured with
a C.B.E.; Captain W. J. Liberty, founder of the A.P.L.E. and first Secretary, has been made a Life Governor of
the Shaftesbury Society, and has received the "Sir John Kirk Award" in recognition of "his 60 years' work among poor
children'; and Mr. P. Crawford Sugg has returned to the Sales And Technical Department of Sugg after service with
the RAF; Mr. A. E. Sylvester, F.C.A., Governor of the Gas Light and Coke Company has been elected chairmain
of the British Gas Council; W/O R. A. Eshelby has returned to Philips Lamps Ltd as a liberated Prisoner of War.
- Lighting: Personnel
- The Glasgow Conference p75
- Report of the opening of the conference. Includes the telegram to the King, the Lord Provost's welcome,
Mr. E. C. Lennox's (Past-President) reply and speeches by two founding members of the Association:
Mr. S. B. Langlands (Former Lighting Inspector of the Glasgow Corporation, First President of the A.P.L.E.)
and Captail A. J. Liberty (First Hon. Secretary, first Vice-President and Treasurer).
- APLE: Conference, Lighting: History
- The Annual General Meeting p77
- Previous minutes confirmed and signed, scrutineers appointed, treasure presented accounts for the last year
(those members in the Forces had had their subscriptions suspended), the President for the ensuring year
was E. J. Stewart and the Vice-President for the forthcoming year was W. N. C. Clinch.
- The New Constitution
- T. Wilkie proposed alterations of the Constitution: to change the name to the Institution of Public
Lighting Engineers; and make a slight restriction on membership i.e. should have membership of certain
other institutions and hold a responsible position in connection with public lighting, as head of department,
with not less than 1000 lamps; junior members would be abolished in favour of associate membership. (So there
would be students, associates, delegates and honorary members). There was little time at this meeting to further
discuss the matter.
- Welcome To Oversea Guests
- Two guests came from Paris, M. Herzog and M. Gaymard.
- Results Of Papers Competition
- Four papers were sent in and two had been awarded first and second prizes: (1) The Relation of Public Lighting
to Safety on the Roads by Norman Axford and (2) Photometry in Relation to Street Lighting by F. M. Hale.
They would not be read at conference as there wasn't time so would be published in the Journal.
- The Adjourned Meeting (to discuss constitutional matters)
- Discussion on changes to the constitution for membership, wording, the bye-laws and keeping in
touch with members in the Services.
The control of lighting by radio or short waves should be investigated by an impartial person or
body and what was wanted was a system of remote control that was foolproof, inexpensive and easy
to maintain. Recent development in radio location (RADAR) ought to provide something suitable for the
purpose and it was wanted within a very short time.
- APLE: Conference
The Presidential Address p79
Summary of the The Presidential Address.
Lighting: ARP, Lighting: Authority Organisation, Lighting: Future, Lighting: History,
Lighting: Levels, Lighting: Theory, Lighting: Users
The Minister Of Fuel And Power Sends A Representative To Explain The Need For Fuel Conservation p80
A circular had been sent out about saving power. Mr. Kelf Cohen, Director of the Gas and Electricity Division of
The Ministry of Fuel and Power addressed the Conference.
The Ministry of Fuel and Power send out a circular in August. It asks for a reduction in street
lighting, necessary as a temporary measure, because of the fuel shortage. It was manifestly against
the public interest that street lighting should be the only form of fuel consumption in which
there was a full return to peace time standards at once. Street lighting represented about 1% of the coal
consumption of the country.
The resumption of street lighting to peace time standards placed on the Ministry the responsibility of
finding another one million tons of coal. If that could be halved then it would ease the task of the Ministry.
Economies had been accomplished with the willing co-operation of consumers of solid fuel and gas and electricity.
We were very near the breaking point as regards coal supplies. There were complaints from consumers seeing the
street lighting on a 4 in the morning, when they had been asked to economise. We were in for a very difficult
time thsi coming winter unless steps were taken to reduce the amount of public lighting; hence the necessity
for the Circular of August 22nd.
Mr. Shinwell regarded this as a very serious matter and had asked his Regional Controllers to report
to him the action taken by local authorities. Mr. Shinwell was surprised that some local authorities,
were taking up an attitude which indicated that they were not fully aware of the critical position of the
country's fuel supplies and the importance they should practice economy. He hoped that by the end of September every local
authority would have taken steps to effect a substantial saving in fuel used for street lighting. If the Regional Controllers
indicated that there were still authorities who did not realise the need for economy, he would have to consider his powers.
The Circular of the 22nd was a request.
Mr. J. F. Colquhoun (Lighting Engineer, Sheffield: A sense of proportion was needed. The amount of coal used for street lighting
in Sheffield was 21,000 tons whereas the domestic consumption was 600,000 tons per annum. The street lighting coal was only 3% of the
domestic consumption. Plus the Circular came after local authorities had been urged for years by every Government Department to get
their street lamps ready.
Mr. H. Midgley (Plymouth): It was dark at 7 o'clock in the morning in October and if the lamps were turned off at midnight it
would be impossible for practical reasons to put them on again. Where lighting was manually operated there was not the labour,
and where clocks were used, they could not be arranged for double switching.
Alderman D. Evans (Swansea): A better plan would be to shut down all street lighting during the five weeks before the longest
day and the five weeks following the longest day - this would allow stocks to be replenished.
Councillor Roberts (Manchester): The Minister might have acheived his object better had he approached the Association in the first
place.
Mr. Kelf Cohen: The Ministry was not competent to work out detailed arrangements for 1700 local authorities but each should
decide on its own techniques according to its particular circumstances. The maximum economy that could be effected was the maximum that
was required.
Lighting: ARP, Lighting: Energy
Glasgow's Street Lighting by J. M. Ward Assistant Inspector of Lighting, Glasgow p81
Very brief summary of the Glasgow's Street Lighting paper. There was no discussion
as the paper was deemed factual and informative.
Lighting: ARP, Lighting: Columns, Lighting: Funding,
Lighting: Legal, Lighting: Maintenance and Lighting: Management
City And Council Of Bristol p81
An installation of a system of automatic control of electric street lighting is being considered.
Any interested firm can have further particulars on application.
Lighting: Control, Lighting: Installations
National Illumination Committee of Great Britain: Annual Reprot For The Year 1944 p83
The National Committee is now slowly resuming its activities.
- Mr. Good gave an account of his discussions in the USA on the subject of international standardisation.
- The activities of the Mine Lighting Sub-committee were renewed, with new membership and a widening of the scope.
This included mains lighting, the use of glass and "synthetic" glass in mine lighting fittings, the deterioration
of the accumulators, and the distribution of light from various lamps.
- Work has started on the revision of the Street Lighting Specification (BS 307). The question rose whether a
Code Of Practice should take the place of the Standard Specification, but it was finally agreed by a considerable
majority to retain the specification with the addition of fairly extensive explanatory notes.
- The Sub-committee on light distribution and the method of measuring it has found a satisfactory solution
and has nearly completed its draft.
- The Aerodrome Lighting Sub-committee has been restarted. An attempt is being made to co-ordinate the specification
of colours for aerodrome lighting, traffic control signals, railway signals and lighthouse intensities.
- A revision of the three specifications for portable photometers has been completed.
- The Light Fittings Committee has reviewed its specifications. Slight modifications have been made to the
specification for Vitreous Enamel Reflectors (BS 232).
- The committee on the Classification of Light Distributions (BS 398) is considering a revision based on
dispersive angle instead of frame ration.
- A request has been received from the glass manufacturers for a specification for well glass fittings other
than those used for frame proof purposes.
- A request has been received from the Ministry of Aircraft Production for the revision of the types of lamps
included in B.S. 161.
Lighting: Specifications
Wilful Damage To Street Lamps By Children And Youths p83
Letters have been received from many districts. In some cases, whole streets are out of commission,
owing to the difficulty getting spares. The APLE has contacted The Home Secretary who has agreed to
advise all chief constables to take the necessary steps. A similar request has been made to Scotland Yard
and suitable action is being taken in the Metropolitan area.
Lighting: Anti-Social Behaviour
Extraneous Lights In The Vicinity Of Airfields, Aerial Lighthouses And Other Light Beacons p84
The Air Navigation Act, 1920, and the the Air Navigation (Consolidation) Order, 1923, include provisions requiring
that: (a) any light exhibited in the vicinity of an aerodrome which by reason of glare is likely to endanger
aircraft arriving at or departing from the aerodrome and (b) any light liable to be mistaken by the crew of
an aircraft for an aerial lighthouse, or for air navigation, shall be extinguished or effectively screened
on the direction of the Secretary of State or the Minister of Civil Aviation.
Similar provisions as to dangerous lights are included in the Final Act of the International Civil Aviation
Conference held at Chicago in November and December 1944.
Now that wartime lighting restrictions have been relaxed and a progressive return to full scale lighting
is expected, the Air Ministry and Ministry of Civil Aviation wish to offer some general guidance on the
limitations on highway lighting in the vicinity of airfields, aerial lighthouses and other light beacons.
To achieve their objective, they would welcome the co-operation of the Association of Public Lighting Engineers,
the Illuminated Engineering Society and the British Standards Institution.
Aircraft have changed from light aircraft of low speed to heavy aircraft of high speed. This now requires a long
straight shallow approach to the airfield
Aviation ground lighting may be divided into:
- (1) Navigational Lights: Aerial lighthouses and any form of beacon which is operated to provide navigational assistance.
- (2) Approach lights (outside the airfield): lead pilots to the airfield. These will extended 3,000 yards from the runway end. Will
form an avenue of lights slightly diverging outwards. Red or yellow.
- (3) Lights located on the airfield: runway, taxi-ways etc. The runway lights may be either uni-directional
or visible through 360° in azimuth and will project the light above the horizontal.
Experience has shown that there has been confusion between airfield, normal highway and domestic lighting.
The control of lights within the vicinity of an airfield is essential.
The requirements of the Air Navigation Acts would be fulfilled by the following:
- Highway lighting: Lights within 3000 yards of the boundary of the landing area of an aerodrome should be screened
so that the light source will not be visible above the horizontal. Where they are on a gradient they should
be screened at such an angle as to prevent any possibility of the lights being seen from the air.
- Road Traffic Control Signals: Should be screened in conformity with the Home Office Instructions for day-light
operations during black-out conditions.
- No lights which could be confused with an aerial lighthouse shoud be permitted i.e. neon signs, rotating
white advertisements. No light which could confuse a pilot should be installed within a radius of 5 miles from
an approved system of airport and approach lighting.
Lighting: Distribution, Lighting: Signs, Lighting: Specifications
Future Development Of Street Lighting by H. C. Busbridge, A.M.I.E.E.p85
Little has been done to create uniformity of policy and practice in the lighting of trunk and other main
roads. In the interest of systematic progress, the following suggestions are made:
- (1) Co-ordination: Local groups of the APLE be formed to give consideration to and make recommendations i.e.
future lighting of specified Trunk and Main Roads in consituted areas.
- (2) Finance: That the Ministry of Health be asked to co-operate with the Ministry of Transport with
a view to financial proivisions that will relieve the burden of cost to small authorities and thus encourage
uniformity.
- (3) Automatic Control: The Government should offer some official guidance on remote control systems
which will assist lighting authorities. Should also be considered by the APLE.
- (4) Lighting As An Aid To Movement Of Traffic: It would be helpful as an aid to finding one's way
about if one system (sodium, mercury or tungsten) was preserved for specified trunk roads i.e. follow the Blue
trail going north. Some uniformity of design and/or distinctive painting of lamp pillars would further assist
in the daylight.
- (5) Lighting As A Security Measure: A review of road accidents due to blackout will show conclusively
that good lighting is essential for road safety. It is difficult to dismiss conjecture on the lines
that if in War, nations are prepared to spend at the rate of £10,000 per casualty inflicted, how much expenditure
can be justified in the achievements of security on the roads, plus the amenity of good lighting.
Lighting: Authority Organisation, Lighting: Colour, Lighting: Control,
Lighting: Funding, Lighting: Future, Lighting: Specifications
Obituaries p86
George Dixon, O.B.E., M.I.C.E., M.Inst.Gas.Eng. - Responsible for the Public Lighting in the City of Nottingham. Includes short history of his career.
E. J. Ireland - Manager of the Street Lighting Department at Holophane
J. Y. Fletcher - A director of the GEC.
Lighting: Personnel
Street Lighting Columns - Recent Developments p86
Prior to the introduction of the Royal Fine Arts Commission, there was little or no indication that lighting authorities
wished to improve the design of lighting standards. Trying to ascertain the requirements of the industry, due to
the diversity of the unwieldy number of lighting authorities, let to choices ranging from the ornately fantastic
to the crudest austerity. In the absence of a central or governing body, the acceptance of the arbitrary
adjudication of the Royal Fine Arts Commission presents the only hope of arriving at uniformity.
Ideals to be aimed at were indicated by H. C. Bradshaw at the
APLE meeting in London in September 1943,
where the points ephasised were: "simplicity, efficiency, refinement, avoidance of
pretentiousness and vulgarity." Dr. English, of Holophane, submitted his 5 canons considering
lantern design and he refered to lighting standards: "We now look for simple lines and correct form -
instead of ornamentation; we look for perfect proportions and balance - instead of emphasis on any one
ornamental feature; and above all, we expect practicability from the manufacturing, installation and maintenance
points of view."
The pursuit of these very desirable ideals has culminated in the achievement of the "Adastra Hexagonal" standard
which fulfils all requirements both artistic and pratical. These are now obtainable from Poles, Ltd..
Arrangements have been made for large scale production. It is a gracefully tapering pole of hexagonal section,
with finial and arms perfectly proportioned and flowing into the whole delightful picture it presents. The standards
are assembled on site from nested sections of approximately 8 ft. in length, which are easily transportable in
large quantities wherever required. The actual erection can be carried out by two men without any special
gear whatsoever, and ample accommodation for switches, chokes, etc., is provided in the base section of the pole
itself. The life of the standard is ensured by the heavy coating of spelter which is applied finally, by
complete immersion after fabrication. Examples of this design can be seen on poles of round or elliptical
design supplied by this Company before the war.
The "Adastra" construction and finish has been used throughout the war by all three Services as the standard
equipment for aerial masts.
Lighting: Columns, Lighting: Design
Fluorescent Lamps - War Record And Future Prospects p87
It is impossible to over-estimate the importance of the fluorescent lamp as a war-winning factor in munitions production. The up-grading of pre-war
factory lighting to the standard required by war exigencies could not have been effected without the fluorescent lamp. The use of the fluorescent lamp allowed
the quantitative increase in lighting to be achieved without a disasterous rise in peak demand, the use of larger cables and other transmission equipment.
It was invented and developed in the research laboratories of British manufacturers shortly before the outbreak of the war. A single size had been perfected i.e.
5 ft. 80W.
When the war came, the manufacturers placed at the disposal of the Government the whole of their fluorescent lamp research and production facilities and
arranged for the restricted supplies to go to war factories. Following this, the Goverment set up a special organisation for dealing with the improvement
of industrial lighting and co-operated with the electrical industry in ensuring the effective and economical use of fluorescent lighting.
None could be used other than in essential war factories. The only size that could be manufactured was the 5ft. 80W because it was easiest to produce
in large numbers and the most efficient unit for use with industrial lighting.
As for the future, the fluorescent lamp will revolutionise both lighting standards and lighting methods in every field of artifical illumination. The
single size which satisfied war-time industry will not suffice for the thousand and one decorative and utilitarian requirements in peace-time. However
many war-time limitations in materials, machinery and labour still remain. However, The Electric Lamp Manufacturers Association have announced
the following:
COLOURS: DAYLIGHT AND WARM WHITE
VOLTAGES: 200/250 A.C. |
Length
(Feet) | Diameter
(Inces) | Nominal
Watts | Cap |
| 4 | 1½ | 40 | Bi-Pin |
| 3 | 1 | 30 | Bi-Pin |
| 2 | 1½ | 20 | Bi-Pin |
| 1½ | 1 | 15 | Bi-Pin |
Warm-white was introduced in December 1944 as an alternative colour giving a light more acceptable for many non-industrial
purposes. All the new lamps will be fitted with Bi-Pin caps of the American type and will be interchangeable with their
American counterparts - vital for export business. 80W lamps will have B.C. caps for the present but will be made in
due course with Bi-Pin caps.
Lighting: Colour, Lighting: Future, Lighting: Lamps
New E.L.M.A. Publication Dealing With Fluorescent Lamps p87
Technical Supplement No. 1, published by The Lighting Service Bureau, deals exclusively with the technical
details of the fluorescent lamp. The introduction of a Warm White lamp and the fact that it is no longer necessary to obtain
a licence to acquire, install or use fluorescent lighting, increases the number and variety of people directly concerned
with this British invention.
Lighting: Lamps
Bound Sets Of Conference Papers p88
A limited number of sets of papers have been bound in hardcover and are now available.
APLE: Conference
An Appreciation p88
Thoughts on the passing of George Dixon by Dr. E. V. Evans, Director and General Manager, of the
South Metropolitan Gas Company.
Lighting: Personnel
Letter To The Editor from George H. Davies p88
Additional thoughts on conserving fuel as discussed at the Glasgow Conference. Instead of no lighting after midnight,
perhaps from dusk until midnight alternate lamps be lighted in all streets, plus extra lamps at important junctions and places
of possible danger due to heavy traffic.
Lighting: Energy
Public Works, Roads And Transport Congress And Exhibition p88
The Congress and Exhibition will resume in November 1946.
Other
The London And Southern District Junior Gas Association p88
Details of the forthcoming meeting on the 23rd November 1945.
Other
Competition Papers p88
The two prize-winning papers announced at Conference will be published in the next two issues of
Public Lighting. The first will be The Relation Of Public Lighting To Safety On The Roads by
Mr. Normal Axford.
APLE: Conference
Dr. Clifford C. Paterson p88
Has recently been awarded the Faraday Medal for serviecs rendered to Electrical Science.
Lighting: Personnel
Adverts:
The General Electric Co., Ltd,
The Association Of Metal Sprayers,
Stanton Ironworks Co., Ltd,
Siemens Electric Lamps And Supplies Ltd.,
Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Co. Ltd,
Engineering And Lighting Equipment Co. Ltd.,
Holophane Ltd.,
British Gas Council,
British Electrical Development Association, Inc,
Brighton Lighting and Electrical Engineering Co. Ltd,
The British Thomson-Houston Co. Ltd.,
Peebles Co., Ltd.,
E. K. Cole Ltd,
The Horstmann Gear Co., Ltd.,
Falk, Stadelmann Co., Ltd.,
Automatic Telephone And Electrical Co., Ltd.,
William Sugg And Co., Ltd.,
Foster And Pullen Ltd.,
APLE Conference Papers Bound Sets,
J. W. & R. E. Hughes,
Sordoviso Switchgear Ltd.,
British, Foreign And Colonial Automatic Light Controlling Co., Ltd.,
Girlings Ferro-Concrete Co. Ltd,
Sangamo Weston Ltd. and
Poles Ltd.
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